Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
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For the Carlist claimant King Carlos V, see Infante Carlos, Count of Molina.
Charles V (Also Charles I of Spain)
Holy Roman Emperor; King of Castile, Aragon, Naples and Sicily, others
Reign King of Spain
Holy Roman Emperor
King of Naples
Sovereign of the Netherlands
Count of Flanders
Duke of Brabant
Duke of Milan
Duke of Luxembourg
Duke of Burgundy
Coronation 1516
Born February 24, 1500
Ghent in Flanders
Died September 21, 1558 (aged 58)
Yuste, Spain
Buried El Escorial
Predecessor Joanna of Castile (Castile)
Ferdinand II (Aragon & Naples)
Maximilian I (Holy Roman Empire)
Philip of Burgundy (Netherlands)
Successor Philip II of Spain (Spain, Naples & Netherlands)
Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Empire)
Consort Isabella of Portugal
Issue Philip II of Spain
Maria of Spain
Joan of Spain
Royal House House of Habsburg
Father Philip of Burgundy
Mother Joanna of Castile

Charles V, 'Carlos I' in Spain and its colonies (though he is often referred to as 'Carlos Quinto'), 'Karl V' in the Holy German Empire, 'Karl I' in Austria, 'Karel V' in most of the members of the Seventeen Provinces, 'Charles II' in Burgundy, 'Carlo V' in Naples and Milan, (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands (1506-1555), King of Aragon (1516-1556), King (until 1555 on behalf of his mother the queen Joana I) of Castile (1516-1556), King of Naples and Sicily (1516-1554), Archduke of Austria (1519-1521), King of the Romans (or German King), (1519-1556 but did not formally abdicate until 1558) and Holy Roman Emperor (1530-1556 but did not formally abdicate until 1558).

He was the son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna the Mad of Castile. His paternal grandparents were Emperor Maximilian I and Mary of Burgundy whose daughter Margarete of Austria raised him. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose marriage had first united their territories into what is now modern Spain, and whose daughter Catherine of Aragon was Queen of England and first wife of Henry VIII. His cousin was Mary I of England who married his son Philip.

Charles V's reign introduced the first documented use of the styles of His Majesty or His Imperial Majesty. Because of his far-reaching territories he was described as ruling an Empire "in which the sun does not set".
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Heritage and early life
* 2 Marriage and children
* 3 Reign
o 3.1 Burgundy and the Low Countries
o 3.2 Spain
o 3.3 America
o 3.4 Holy Roman Empire
* 4 Wars against France
* 5 Wars against the Ottoman Empire
* 6 Humanism and Reformation
* 7 Abdication and later life
* 8 Charles V in literature and popular culture
* 9 Trivia
* 10 Ancestors
* 11 References
* 12 Bibliography

[edit] Heritage and early life
Plus Oultre, Charles' personal motto on the gable of a Flemish house in Ghent, Charles V's birthplace.
Plus Oultre, Charles' personal motto on the gable of a Flemish house in Ghent, Charles V's birthplace.

Combining the heritage of the German Habsburgs, the House of Burgundy, and the Spanish heritage of his mother, Charles transcended ethnic and national boundaries.

Charles was born in the Flemish city of Ghent and brought up in Mechelen by his aunt Margarete of Austria until 1517. The culture and courtly life of the Burgundian Low Countries were an important influence in his early life. He spoke French as mother language and Flemish from his childhood years, later adding an acceptable Spanish (which was required by the Castilian Cortes as a condition for becoming king of Castile) and some German. [1] Indeed, he claimed to speak "Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to men, and German to my horse."

From his Burgundian ancestors, he inherited an ambiguous relationship with the Kings of France. Charles shared with France his mother tongue (together with Flemish) and many cultural forms. In his youth, he made frequent visits to Paris, then the largest city of Western Europe. In his words: "Paris is not a city, but a universe" (Lutetia non urbs, sed orbis). But Charles also inherited the tradition of political and dynastical enmity between the Royal and the Burgundian lines of the Valois Dynasty. This conflict was amplified by his accession to both the Holy Roman Empire and the kingdom of Spain.

Though Spain was the core of his kingdom, he was never totally assimilated and especially in his earlier years felt like and was viewed as a foreign prince. He could not speak Spanish very well, as it was not his primary language. Nonetheless, he spent most of his life in Spain, including his final years in a Spanish monastery.

In his youth, Charles was tutored by Adrian of Utrecht, later Pope Adrian VI. His three most prominent subsequent advisors were Lord Chièvres, Jean Sauvage and Mercurino Gattinara.

[edit] Marriage and children
Spanish Royalty
House of Habsburg

Charles I
Children
Philip II of Spain
Maria, Holy Roman Empress
Juana, Crown Princess of Portugal
Infante Juan (natural son)
Margarita, Duchess of Parma (natural daughter)
Philip II
Children include
Charles, Prince of Asturias
Isabella, Archduchess of Austria
Catalina, Duchess of Savoy
Philip III of Spain
Philip III
Children include
Anne, Queen of France
Philip IV of Spain
Maria Ana, Holy Roman Empress
Infante Carlos
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Philip IV
Children include
Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias
Maria Theresa, Queen of France
Margarita, Holy Roman Empress
Charles II of Spain
Charles II

On March 10, 1526, Charles married his first cousin Isabella of Portugal, sister of John III of Portugal.

Their children included:

* Philip II of Spain (1527 - 1598), the only son to reach adulthood.
* Maria of Spain (1528 - 1603), who married her cousin Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor.
* Joan of Spain (1535 - 1573)

Charles is also famous for his many mistresses. Two of them gave birth to two future Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands:

* Johanna Maria van der Gheynst bore Margaret of Parma and
* Barbara Blomberg bore John of Austria.

[edit] Reign
Habsburgs possessions in 1547.
Habsburgs possessions in 1547.

[edit] Burgundy and the Low Countries

In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories, most notably the Low Countries and Franche-Comté, although, as he was a minor, his aunt Margaret acted as regent until 1515.

Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of Tournai, Artois, Utrecht, Groningen and Guelders. The Seventeen Provinces had been unified by Charles' Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were fiefs of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. In 1549, Charles issued a Pragmatic Sanction, declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs.[1]

The Low Countries held an important place in the Empire. For Charles personally, they were the region where he spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the rich cities, they were also important for the treasury.

[edit] Spain

With the death of his grandfather Ferdinand II on May 30, 1516, Charles inherited his grandfather's realm, which included Aragon, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. He also became joint ruler of Castile with, and guardian of, his insane mother Joanna. With the Castilian crown he also gained Navarre. Granada and the Spanish possessions in the New World.

For the first time the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united in one person. Ferdinand and Isabella had each been sovereign in one kingdom, but only consort in the other.

Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. His regent Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him, but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and died before meeting the King.[2]

Negotiations with the Castilian Cortes proved difficult, and in the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak Castilian; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in 1518. In 1519, he was crowned before the Cortes of Aragon in Zaragoza, and the Corts of Catalonia followed.

Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish monarchs until then had been bound by the laws; the monarchy was a contract with the people. With Charles it would become more absolute, even though until his mother's death in 1555 Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country.

Soon resistance against the Emperor rose, because of the heavy taxation (funds that were used to fight wars abroad, wars most Castilians had no interest in) and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Spain and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the Castilian War of the Communities, which was suppressed by Charles. After this, Castile became integrated into the Habsburg empire, and would provide the bulk of the empire's military and financial resources.
Silver 4 real coin of Carlos V, struck ca. 1542-1555
Obverse: CAROLVS ET IOHANA, REGES (Charles and Johanna, Monarchs). Depicts the crest of Castile and León. The strike date was determined by the Assayer L. Reverse: HISPANIARVM ET INDIARVM (Of the Spains [Spanish kingdoms] and the Indies." Depicts the Strait of Gibraltar between the Pillars of Hercules. Center Latin motto is PLVS VLTRA, or "Further Beyond."

[edit] America

During Charles' reign, the territories in New Spain were considerably extended by conquistadores like Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro, who caused the Aztec and Inca empires to fall in little more than a decade. Combined with the Magellan expedition's circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, these successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of a Christian world that still perceived a significant threat from Islam. Of course, the conquests also helped solidify Charles' rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of bullion. As the conquistador Bernal Diaz observed: "We came to serve God and our Majesty, ... and also to get rich." [1] In 1550, Charles convened a conference at Valladolid in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of Spanish America.

[edit] Holy Roman Empire

After the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian, in 1519, he inherited the Habsburg lands in Austria. He was also the natural candidate to succeed of the electors, but with the help of the wealthy Fugger family Charles could oust Francis and was elected on June 28, 1519. In 1530, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement VII in Bologna, the last Emperor to receive a papal coronation.

The coronation of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor is presented in the third act of Verdi's opera Ernani. Charles (Don Carlo in the opera) prays before the tomb of Charlemagne. With the announcement that that he is elected as Carlo Quinto he declares a amnesty including the eponymous bandit Ernani who had followed him there to murder him as a rival for the love of the soprano. The opera, based on the Victor Hugo play, portrays Charles as a callous and cynical adventurer whose character is transformed by the election into a responsible and clement ruler.

Charles was Holy Roman Emperor over the German states, but his real power was limited by the princes. Protestantism gained a lot of support in Germany, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands. An inquisition was established as early as 1522. In 1550, the death penalty was introduced for all heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles personally suppressed the Revolt of Ghent in 1539.[1]

[edit] Wars against France

Much of Charles's reign was taken up with wars with France, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire and still maintained ambitions in Italy. The first war with Charles's great nemesis Francis I of France began in 1521. Charles allied with England and Pope Leo X against the French and the Venetians, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the Battle of Pavia in 1525. To gain his freedom, the French king was forced to cede Burgundy to Charles in the humiliating Treaty of Madrid (1526).

When he was released, however, Francis had the Parlement of Paris denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the League of Cognac that the Pope had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the Florentines, and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's sack of Rome (1527) and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented him from annulling the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, with important consequences. In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the Treaty of Cambrai (1529), called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis's mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.

A third war erupted in 1535, when, following the death of the last Sforza Duke of Milan, Charles installed his own son, Philip, in the duchy, despite Francis's claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally the Duke of Savoy, including his capital, Turin. A truce at Nice in 1538 on the basis of uti possidetis ended the war, but lasted only a short time. War resumed in 1542, with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the conquest of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet, the French remained unable to advance into Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the status quo ante in 1544.

A final war erupted with Francis's son and successor, Henry II, in 1551. This war saw early successes by Henry in Lorraine, where he captured Metz, but continued failure of French offensives in Italy. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, Philip II and his brother, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor.
Inner court of the Charles V Palace in Granada.
Inner court of the Charles V Palace in Granada.

[edit] Wars against the Ottoman Empire

Charles fought continually with the Ottoman Empire and its sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, for a number of years. The expeditions of the Ottoman force along the Mediterranean coast posed a threat to Habsburg lands and Christian monopolies on trade in the Mediterranean. In Central Europe, the Turkish advance was halted at Vienna in 1529. In 1535 Charles won an important victory at Tunis, but in 1536 Francis I of France allied himself with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542. In 1543 Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the Truce of Crepy-en-Laonnois. Charles later signed a humiliating treaty with the Ottomans, to gain him some respite from the huge expenses of their war, although it wasn't over. However, the Protestant powers in the Holy Roman Empire Diet often voted against money for his Turkish wars, as many Protestants saw the Muslim advance as a counterweight to the Catholic powers. The great Hungarian defeat at the 1526 Battle of Mohács was in some ways a moral defeat for the West as a whole [citation needed].

[edit] Humanism and Reformation
Emperor Charles V at Mühlberg, painted in 1548 by Titian.
Emperor Charles V at Mühlberg, painted in 1548 by Titian.

As Holy Roman Emperor, he called Martin Luther to the Diet of Worms in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. He initially dismissed Luther's idea of reformation as, "An argument between monks". He later outlawed Luther and his followers in that same year but was tied up with other concerns and unable to try to stamp out Protestantism.

1524 to 1526 saw the Peasants' Revolt in Germany and in 1531 the formation of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League. Charles delegated increasing responsibility for Germany to his brother Ferdinand while he concentrated on problems abroad.

In 1545, the opening of the Council of Trent began the Counter-Reformation, and Charles won to the Catholic cause some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. He also attacked the Schmalkaldic League in 1546 and at the Battle of Mühlberg defeated John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and imprisoned Philip of Hesse in 1547. At the Augsburg Interim in 1548 he created a doctrinal compromise that he felt Catholics and Protestants alike might share. A more permanent settlement followed with the 1555 Peace of Augsburg.

[edit] Abdication and later life
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In 1556, Charles abdicated his various titles, giving his Spanish empire (Spain, the Netherlands, Naples and Spain's possessions in the Americas) to his son, Philip II of Spain. He passed his dynastic Austrian lands and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand. Charles retired to the monastery of Yuste in Extremadura, but continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire. He suffered from severe gout and some scholars think Charles V decided to abdicate after a gout attack in 1552 forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz, where he was later defeated.[3].

Charles died on September 21, 1558. Twenty-six years later, his remains were transferred to the Royal Pantheon of The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.

[edit] Charles V in literature and popular culture

There are few figures about whom as many traces have survived half a millennium, in both literature and living minds. Those traces comprise a large number of legends and folk tales that can often be attributed to phantasy, as well as the literary renderings of historical events connected to Charles' life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication.[4]

* In De heerelycke ende vrolycke daeden van Keyser Carel den V, published by Joan de Grieck in 1674, the short stories, anecdotes, citations attributed to the emperor, and legends about his encounters with famous and ordinary people, depict a noble Christian monarch with a perfect cosmopolitan personality and a strong sense of humour. The story on the spectacles in the coat of arms of Oudenaarde is found back in Charles De Coster's masterpiece Thyl Ulenspiegel (1867), the one about a paysant of Berchem in Het geuzenboek (1979) by Louis Paul Boon, and Abraham Hans (1882–1939) included both tales in De liefdesavonturen van keizer Karel in Vlaanderen.

* A wellknown Flemish legend about Charles being served a beer at the village of Olen, and the emperor's lifelong preference of beer above wine, led to naming several strong varieties after him. The Haacht Brewery of Boortmeerbeek produces Charles Quint Golden Blond and Charles Quint Ruby Red, powerful brews weighing in at 8.5% alc vol. Brewery Het Anker at Mechelen has been brewing the Gouden Carolus for ages, now calling it Gouden Carolus Classic as it expanded its line of beers ranging between 8% and a whopping 11% alc vol, with Gouden Carolus Triple, Gouden Carolus Ambrio, the seasonal Gouden Carolus Christmas and Easter varieties, and the limited edition Gouden Carolus Cuvee van de Keizer aka Gouden Carolus Grand Cru of the Emperor which is brewed once a year on the Emperor's birthday, 24 February, and had been created at the occasion of his 500th anniversary in 2000, which year was in Belgium known and celebrated as the Keizer Karel year or Charles V year.[5]

[edit] Trivia

* He suffered from an enlarged lower jaw, a deformity which got considerably worse in later Habsburg generations. He struggled to chew his food properly and consequently experienced bad indigestion for much of his life. As a result, he usually ate alone.[6]
* He suffered from joint pain, presumed to be gout, according to his 16th century doctors.[7] In his retirement, he was carried around the monastery of St. Yuste in a sedan chair. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.[6]
* He was afraid of mice and spiders.[6]
* He was obsessed with clocks and instructed his servants to take them apart and reassemble them in his presence.[6]
* He passed his time fishing from his window on the first floor and enjoying the smell of incense drifting on the breeze from the abbey church.[6]

[edit] Ancestors
Charles's ancestors in three generations Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Father:
Philip I of Castile Paternal Grandfather:
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Paternal Great-Grandmother:
Eleanor of Portugal, Empress
Paternal Grandmother:
Mary of Burgundy Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Charles the Bold
Paternal Great-Grandmother:
Isabella of Bourbon
Mother:
Joanna of Castile Maternal Grandfather:
Ferdinand II of Aragon Maternal Great-Grandfather:
John II of Aragon
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Juana Enriquez
Maternal Grandmother:
Isabella I of Castile Maternal Great-Grandfather:
John II of Castile
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Infanta Isabel of Portugal
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
House of Habsburg
Born: February 24 1500
Died: September 21 1558
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Philip the Handsome Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxembourg;
Count of Artois, Burgundy, Flanders, Hainaut,
Holland, Namur, Zeeland and Zutphen
1506–1555 Succeeded by
Philip II
Preceded by
Ferdinand II King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia,
Navarre and Sardinia; Count of Barcelona
1516–1556
King of Naples and Sicily
1516–1554
Preceded by
Joanna King of Castile and Leon
1516–1556
with Joanna (1516–1555)
Prince of Asturias
1504–1516
Preceded by
Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg Duke of Guelders
1543–1555
Preceded by
Maximilian I Archduke of Austria;
Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola;
Count of Tyrol
1519–1521 Succeeded by
Ferdinand I[8]
Roman-German King
1519–1531
King of Italy
1530–1556
Holy Roman Emperor
1530–1556
(Emperor-elect since 1519, did not formally abdicate until 1558)[9]
Titles in pretence
Preceded by
Ferdinand II — TITULAR —
Byzantine Emperor
with Joanna (1516-1556)
1516–1556
* Reason for succession failure *
The Fall of Constantinople led to
the Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire Succeeded by
Philip II

[edit] References

1. ^ a b c d Kamen, Henry (2005). Spain, 1469–1714: a society of conflict, 3rd, Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education. 0-582-78464-6.
2. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 edition.
3. ^ "The Severe Gout of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V", from the The New England Journal of Medicine, 355:516–520 August 3, 2006
4. ^ Heymans, Frans (last update 2007-06-04). Keizer Karel in de literatuur (Dutch). Overzichten. Literair Gent, an initiative by the Municipal Public Library of Ghent and 'Gent Cultuurstad'. Retrieved on 2007-07-20.
5. ^ Charles V (describing the tale of the "pot van Olen"). Global Beer Network, Santa Barbara, CA, U.S.A.. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
* Wisselbieren (section 'Anker Bok'). Kafee 't BuitenBeentje, Tilburg, The Netherlands. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. “Keizer Karel, die te Mechelen opgevoed werd door zijn tante Margaretha van Oostenrijk, was vol waardering voor het Mechelse gerstenat. Toen hij na zijn troonsafstand in Spanje woonde, liet hij nog regelmatig Mechels bier naar Spanje vervoeren omdat "het bloed van de druiventros hem minder goed bekwam dan de dochter van de korenaar". (Emperor Charles, who was raised at Mechelen by his aunt Margarete of Austria, fully praised the Mechlinian barley-bree. While he lived in Spain after his abdication of the throne, he still had Mechlinian beer transported regularly to Spain because "the blood of the grape bunch became him not as well as the daughter of the corn ear".)”
* Charles Quint Golden Blond. Haacht Brewery. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
* Charles Quint Ruby Red. Haacht Brewery. Retrieved on 2007-07-18.
* Beers by Het Anker (click on the beer names). Brewery Het Anker. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. Also an alternative name
* Places to visit — Mechelen - Brussels - Ghent. Einscafé (magazine, newsletter). The EINS (European Information Network Services) organisation. Retrieved on 2007-07-18. “The procession was last seen in 1988 but this year it is being brought forward by exception to mark Charles V Year. Mechelse Ommegang : 29 August, 3 and 10 September 2000 in Mechelen (...) one of nine cultural cities of Europe in the year 2000. Brussels more than merits this title during Charles V year.”
6. ^ a b c d e Dr. Martyn Rady, University of London, lecture 2000. [citation needed]
7. ^ "Tests confirm old emperor's gout diagnosis." The Record. August 4, 2006, Nation.
8. ^ Ferdinand used the title of a King of Italy though he he was never crowned as such. He also was an uncrowned Emperor-elect.
9. ^ Charles did not formally abdicate until 1558.

[edit] Bibliography

* (German) Norbert Conrads: Die Abdankung Kaiser Karls V. Abschiedsvorlesung, Universität Stuttgart, 2003 (text)
* (German) Stephan Diller, Joachim Andraschke, Martin Brecht: Kaiser Karl V. und seine Zeit. Ausstellungskatalog. Universitäts-Verlag, Bamberg 2000, ISBN 3-933463-06-8
* (German) Alfred Kohler: Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie. C. H. Beck, München 2001, ISBN 3-406-45359-7
* (German) Alfred Kohler: Quellen zur Geschichte Karls V. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, ISBN 3-534-04820-2
* (German) Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider. Christine Ortner (Hrsg): Karl V. 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2002, ISBN 3-7001-3054-6
* (German) Ernst Schulin: Kaiser Karl V. Geschichte eines übergroßen Wirkungsbereichs. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-17-015695-0
* (German) Ferdinant Seibt: Karl V. Goldmann, München 1999, ISBN 3-442-75511-5
* (German) Manuel Fernández Álvarez: Imperator mundi: Karl V. – Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Deutscher Nation.. Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3763011781


[hide]
v • d • e
Monarchs of Spain
House of Habsburg Charles I of Spain • Philip II of Spain • Philip III of Spain • Philip IV of Spain • Charles II of Spain
House of Bourbon Philip V of Spain • Louis I of Spain • Philip V of Spain • Ferdinand VI of Spain • Charles III of Spain • Charles IV of Spain • Ferdinand VII of Spain
House of Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte
House of Bourbon [First Restoration] Ferdinand VII of Spain • Isabella II of Spain
House of Savoy Amadeo I of Spain
House of Bourbon [Second Restoration] Alfonso XII of Spain • Alfonso XIII of Spain
House of Bourbon [Third Restoration] Juan Carlos I of Spain
Persondata
NAME Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Carlos V, Carlos I, Charles I of Spain, Charles Quint
SHORT DESCRIPTION ruler of the Burgundian territories, King of Castile, King of Aragon, King of Naples, King of Sicily, Archduke of Austria, King of the Romans, or German King, and Holy Roman Emperor
DATE OF BIRTH 24 February 1500
PLACE OF BIRTH Ghent
DATE OF DEATH 21 September 1558
PLACE OF DEATH Yuste in Extremadura

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor"

Categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since August 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | Holy Roman emperors | German kings | Spanish monarchs | Roman Catholic monarchs | Kings of Sicily | Monarchs of Naples | House of Habsburg | Rulers of Austria | Rulers of Styria | Dukes of Carinthia | Dukes of Brabant | Dukes of Guelders | Dukes of Lothier | Dukes of Luxembourg | Dukes of Milan | Counts of Tyrol | Counts of Flanders | Counts of Hainaut | Counts of Holland | Princes of Asturias | Knights of the Garter | Knights of the Golden Fleece | People from Ghent | Martin Luther | 1500 births | 1558 deaths
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